Wie kann ich eine Schaltung aufbauen, um eine gleiche Überlagerung von 3 Ergebnissen für 2 Qubits zu erzeugen?

Bei einem $2$ Qubit-System und damit $4$ möglichen Messungen ergibt sich die Basis $\{|00\rangle$ , $|01\rangle$ , $|10\rangle$ , $|11\rangle\}$ , wie kann ich den Zustand herzustellen, wobei gilt:

1. nur $3$ davon $4$ Messergebnisse sind möglich ( zum Beispiel $|00\rangle$ , $|01\rangle$ , $|10\rangle$ )?

2. Diese Messungen sind gleich wahrscheinlich? (Wie Bell State, aber für $3$ Ergebnisse)

Brechen Sie das Problem in Teile.

Sagen wir bereits gesendet bis $\mid 00 \rangle$. Wir können das an1senden$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 00 \rangle + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 01 \rangle$durch ein$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 00 \rangle + (\frac{1}{2} (1+i))\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 01 \rangle + (\frac{1}{2} (1-i))\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 10 \rangle$ . Das erfüllt Ihre Anforderungen mit allen Wahrscheinlichkeiten$\sqrt{SWAP}$$\frac{1}{3}$ aber mit unterschiedlichen Phasen. Wenn Sie Phasenverschiebungs-Gatter für jede Phase verwenden möchten, erhalten Sie die gewünschten Phasen, wenn Sie alle gleich machen möchten.

Nun , wie kommen wir aus bis $\mid 00 \rangle$? Wenn es$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 00 \rangle + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 01 \rangle$, könnten wir eine Hadamard auf dem zweiten Qubit tun. Dies ist nicht einfach, aber wir können eine Einheit nur für das zweite Qubit verwenden. Dies geschieht durch einen Rotationsoperator rein auf dem zweiten Qubit durch Faktorisierung als$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \mid 00 \rangle + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\mid 01 \rangle$

$$Id \otimes U : \; \mid 0 \rangle \otimes (\mid 0 \rangle) \to \mid 0 \rangle \otimes (\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 0 \rangle + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 1 \rangle)$$

$$U = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}} & \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}} & -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} & \\ \end{pmatrix}$$

Insgesamt haben wir:

$$\mid 00 \rangle \to \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 00 \rangle + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 01 \rangle\\ \to \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 00 \rangle + (\frac{1}{2} (1+i))\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 01 \rangle + (\frac{1}{2} (1-i))\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 10 \rangle\\ \to \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \mid 00 \rangle + \frac{e^{i \theta_1}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 01 \rangle + \frac{e^{i \theta_2}}{\sqrt{3}}\mid 10 \rangle$$

I'll tell you how to create any two qubit pure state you might ever be interested in. Hopefully you can use it to generate the state you want.

Using a single qubit rotation followed by a cnot, it is possible to create states of the form

$$\alpha \, |0\rangle \otimes |0\rangle + \beta \, |1\rangle \otimes |1\rangle .$$

Then you can apply an arbitrary unitary, $U$, to the first qubit. This rotates the $|0\rangle$ and $|1\rangle$ states to new states that we'll call $|a_0\rangle$ and $|a_1\rangle$,

$$U |0\rangle = |a_0\rangle, \,\,\, U |1\rangle = |a_1\rangle$$

Our entangled state is then

$$\alpha \, |a_0\rangle \otimes |0\rangle + \beta \, |a_1\rangle \otimes |1\rangle .$$

We can similarly apply a unitary to the second qubit.

$$V |0\rangle = |b_0\rangle, \,\,\, V |1\rangle = |b_1\rangle$$

which gives us the state

$$\alpha \, |a_0\rangle \otimes |b_0\rangle + \beta \, |a_1\rangle \otimes |b_1\rangle .$$

Due to the Schmidt decomposition, it is possible to express any pure state of two qubits in the form above. This means that any pure state of two qubits, including the one you want, can be created by this procedure. You just need to find the right rotation around the x axis, and the right unitaries $U$ and $V$.

To find these, you first need to get the reduced density matrix for each of your two qubits. The eigenstates for the density matrix of your first qubit will be your $|a_0\rangle$ and $|a_1\rangle$. The eigenstates for the second qubit will be $|b_0\rangle$ and $|b_1\rangle$. You'll also find that $|a_0\rangle$ and $|b_0\rangle$ will have the same eigenvalue, which is $\alpha^2$. The coefficient $\beta$ can be similarly derived from the eigenvalues of $|a_1\rangle$ and $|b_1\rangle$.

Here is how you might go about designing such a circuit.$\def\ket#1{\lvert#1\rangle}$ Suppose that you would like to produce the state $\ket{\psi} = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt 3} \bigl( \ket{00} + \ket{01} + \ket{10} \bigr)$. Note the normalisation of ${\small 1}/\small \sqrt 3$, which is necessary for $\ket{\psi}$ to be a unit vector.

If we want to consider a straightforward way to realise this state, we might want to think in terms of the first qubit being a control, which determines whether the second qubit should be in the state $\ket{+} = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt 2}\bigl(\ket{0}+\ket{1}\bigr)$, or in the state $\ket{0}$, by using some conditional operations. This motivates considering the decomposition

$$\ket{\psi} \;=\; \tfrac{\sqrt 2}{\sqrt 3}\ket{0}\ket{+} \;+\; \tfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}\ket{1}\ket{0}.$$ Taking this view it makes sense to consider preparing $\ket{\psi}$ as follows:

1. Prepare two qubits in the state $\ket{00}$.
2. Rotate the first qubit so that it is in the state $\tfrac{\sqrt 2}{\sqrt 3}\ket{0} + \tfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}\ket{1}$.
3. Apply a coherently controlled operation on the two qubits which, when the first qubit is in the state $\ket{0}$, performs a Hadamard on the second qubit.

Which specific operations you would apply to realise these transformations — i.e. which single-qubit transformation would be most suitable for step 2, and how you might decompose the two-qubit unitary in step 3 into CNOTs and Pauli rotations — is a simple exercise. (Hint: use the fact that both $X$ and the Hadamard are self-inverse to find as simple a decomposition as possible in step 3.)